ABSTRACT
Abstract The COVID-19 is a contagious viral disease, was first emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and became the whole world on alert. The mortality rate in top most countries in Asia with special reference to Pakistan has been focused. Since February 26 to September 2020 the total confirmed cases and mortality rate was measured through Wikipedia and the notable journals. Iran is the only country having highest number of deaths (5.73%) followed by Indonesia (3.77%) while Saudi Arabia shows the lowest number of deaths as 1.39%. In Pakistan the first case was confirmed in 26th February, 2020. The nCov-19 has closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) hence SARS COV-2 was named. This virus is responsible for more than 33.9 million deaths in over all the world as of 20th September, 2020. The number of new cases is increasing time to time. Sindh province of Pakistan has reported the highest number of cases till September, 20, 2020 as compared to other parts of the country and has the highest number of death followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Because of the person to person contact the disease is spreading rapidly. The individuals who has already infected with other diseases like cancer or diabetic etc. are vulnerable. The nCOV-19 is the most contagious due to its mode of transmission. There is still no vaccine is available for the treatment of disease caused by nCoV-2019. It is therefore the only option to control this pandemic is to adopt effective preventive measures.
Resumo A covid-19 é uma doença viral contagiosa, que surgiu pela primeira vez em Wuhan, China, em dezembro de 2019, e deixou o mundo todo em alerta. A taxa de mortalidade na maioria dos principais países da Ásia, com referência especial ao Paquistão, foi enfocada. De 26 de fevereiro a setembro de 2020, o total de casos confirmados e a taxa de mortalidade foram medidos por meio da Wikipedia e de periódicos notáveis. O Irã é o único país com maior número de mortes (5,73%), seguido pela Indonésia (3,77%), enquanto a Arábia Saudita mostra o menor número de mortes, 1,39%. No Paquistão, o primeiro caso foi confirmado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020. O nCov-19 está intimamente relacionado à síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS), daí o nome SARS COV-2. Esse vírus é responsável por mais de 33,9 milhões de mortes em todo o mundo em 20 de setembro de 2020. O número de novos casos está aumentando de tempos em tempos. A província de Sindh, no Paquistão, registrou o maior número de casos até 20 de setembro de 2020, em comparação com outras partes do país, e tem o maior número de mortes, seguida por Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Por causa do contato pessoa a pessoa, a doença está se espalhando rapidamente. Indivíduos que já foram diagnosticados com outras doenças, como câncer ou diabetes, etc. são mais vulneráveis. O nCOV-19 é o mais contagioso devido ao seu modo de transmissão. Ainda não há vacina disponível para o tratamento da doença causada pelo nCoV-2019. Portanto, a única opção para controlar essa pandemia é a adoção de medidas preventivas eficazes.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world, and in addition to the complexity of CVD management, there are well-documented risk factors whose different effects dictate the need for region-specific research. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the risk factors of CVD among adults in rural Lucknow. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from April 1 to December 31, 2018. Sociodemographic data, anthropometric data, and blood pressure were recorded. Individuals who were at least 18 years of age residing in the study area minimum 2 years and on condition that participants gave their written consent for enrollment in the survey. Data analyses were done using Microsoft Excel. Results: The study participants comprised of 364 adults, with average age of 35 ± 16 years, 200 (54.9%) were males and 164 (45.1%) were females. The mean values of hip circumference, waist circumference, waist and hip ratio, and diastolic blood pressure were higher among females than males. Waist and hip circumference in male participants whereas in female participant’s body mass index with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly correlated. Conclusion: Rural females were at more risk of higher than-normal blood pressure, compare to males. The significant incidence of CVD risk factors in rural areas, particularly among those who are overweight or obese, necessitates early clinical identification. CVD screening, prevention, and control must be prioritized in health initiatives.
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Background: An international public health concern is hypertension, sometimes referred to as high or elevated blood pressure. It adds to the burden of early mortality, disability, kidney failure, heart disease, and stroke. Early-stage hypertension rarely manifests as symptoms, and many sufferers go undetected. Those who receive a diagnosis might not have access to care and might struggle to maintain long-term control over their sickness. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is to ascertain the prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in the Uttar Pradesh region of Aligarh. Materials and Methods: In the realm of community medicine, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the community. Six hundred and forty-four research participants, who had to be at least 18 years old, were chosen by a methodical random sample of homes. All study participants had their anthropometry and blood pressure assessed using standardized equipment and procedures. Appropriate statistical tests were applied as per the types of dataset. Results: Hypertension was 25.2% prevalent. Males (33%) had a greater rate than females (18.3%). Age-related increases in the prevalence of hypertension were observed. Hypertension was highly correlated with factors such as upper socioeconomic class and sedentary lifestyle. Conclusion: Hypertension is very common and is correlated with sociodemographic characteristics. Therefore, extensive attempts at primordial prevention are required.
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Background: Bipolar affective disorder is an episodic illness in which patient suffers from unexpected change in affect like elated mood episode (mania) followed by either depressed mood with period of inter episode euthymia. The disease in comparison to unipolar depression starts in early thirties, more severe symptoms and with more detriment in functioning and wellbeing. Aim and Objectives: The present study asses the level of global functioning of bipolar depressive patients in different domains and data compared with unipolar depressive patients. Materials and Methods: This study was done at a tertiary center in India. The study included 30 patients with bipolar depression in study group and 30 patients with unipolar depression included in control group. In all the patients of both groups, relevant scales, that is, back depression inventory and global assessment of functioning (GAF) were applied. These data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software. Results: On Comparison of global assessment of functioning scores between both groups the GAF score in bipolar depressive patients (SD ± 50.03 [4.75]) had significantly lower score as compared to unipolar depressive patients (62.37 [SD ± 11.50]), also patients show significant negative correlation. (?0.559) of GAF score and total Beck Depression Inventory score in case group (bipolar depressive patients). Conclusion: These findings of greater impairment in global functioning may be interpreted by understanding that life of patients with bipolar depression also complicated by having episode or episodes of manic symptoms in addition to their depressive episodes while patients with unipolar depression are experiencing depressive episodes only.
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Aim: This study aimed to infer the ameliorative potential of Withania somnifera (‘Ashwagandha’) against hexavalent chromium induced micronuclei in Channa punctatus.Methodology: After laboratory acclimatization of 15 days, C. punctatus (12.20 cm, 42 g) were maintained in six groups. Group I, served as control. Fishes of groups II and III were separately exposed to root extract of W. somnifera (3 mg l-1) and 96 hr-LC50/10 of Cr (VI), 7.89 mg l-1, respectively, for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr. Contrarily, the fish of groups IV, V and VI were exposed to 7.89 mg l-1 of Cr (VI) along with increasing concentrations of root extract of W. somnifera (1, 2, 3 mg l-1), respectively. Induction of micronuclei was assessed in fishes of all the six groups after stipulated exposure periods. Results: A significant induction (p<0.05) in micronuclei frequency was observed in Group-III as compared to the control. On contrary, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in frequency of micronuclei induction with increasing concentrations of root extract of W. somnifera, as compared to Group-III, after stipulated exposure periods in a dose and time-dependent manner. Interpretation: Preliminary investigations evinced that the root extract of W. somnifera has enough ameliorative potential against short term sub-lethal exposure to Cr (VI) induced genomic instability, i.e., micronuclei induction in C. punctatus.
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Background: Breastfeeding remains the simplest, healthiest, and least expensive feeding method that fulfills the infant’s needs and it is also important for reducing child morbidity and mortality. It has nutritional, immunological, behavioral, and economic benefits and also provides desirable mother-infant bonding. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the awareness and practices regarding breastfeeding of rural mothers and (2) to find out the influence of sociodemographic variables on breastfeeding practices. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow. Mothers having children between 0 and 2 years age group were included in the study. A pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire was used as a study tool. Data were compiled in MS Excel and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: About 54.8% were aware that breastfeeding should be initiated within 1–24 h after birth, but 66.7% initiated breastfeeding within 1–24 h after birth, 73.9% were aware and feed their infant on demand, and 46.2% were aware that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) should be continued up to 6 months of age, but only 37.6% practiced EBF. Factors such as literacy status, place of delivery, and mode of delivery were found to be associated with breastfeeding practices. Conclusion: It is seen in the study that practice of EBF and early initiation of breastfeeding are still low.
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Background: Physical properties of a resin composite are as important for the longevity of composite material as the mechanical properties are for its survival in the oral environment. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of artificial saliva with different pH (4.6, 5.1, 5.7, 6.3, 6.9, 7.5 & 8.1) on the sorption of dental nano-filled composites. Material and Methods: 5 disc shaped specimens were made for each group of pH with nano-filled composite resin and immersed for four weeks. Optical density was measured in Ultraviolet Vis Spectrophotometer. Statistical one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used throughout this study. Results: No significant differences were detected in specimens of any group of pH. Conclusions: Salivary pH has no effect on the nano-filled dental composite material. Future research needs to test more experimental designs that could depict the clinical behavior of the restorative material in vitro environment.
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Cerebral palsy children have increased tendency to develop fractures later in life, for which low bone mineral density might be one of the factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density in children with cerebral palsy and factors affecting it. A total of 82 diagnosed children with cerebral palsy were sampled by non-probability purposive sampling from the outpatient department of Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine. Bone mineral density (BMD), z-score was measured at lumbar spine with Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) at L1- L4 lumbar vertebra. Analysis was done using SPSS (Version 20). Statistical comparisons were made using independent sample t-test. Of the 82 children 37 (45.1%) were males and 45 (54.9%) females. The mean age for all the children was 5.6 + 2.34 years and mean BMDz- score was -2.12 + 0.67. There were statistically significant differences in BMDz score with respect to age groups, pattern of involvement and ambulation status (p0.05). The BMDz-scores were lower, especially in the quadriplegic and non-ambulant children. BMD if identified early and managed timely can prevent future fragility fracture risk and avoid delay in rehabilitation process.